1 00:00:06,110 --> 00:00:04,070 welcome to the spacecraft assembly 2 00:00:08,570 --> 00:00:06,120 facility at NASA's jet propulsion 3 00:00:10,970 --> 00:00:08,580 laboratory behind us is the clean room 4 00:00:13,970 --> 00:00:10,980 where you can see NASA's Europa Clipper 5 00:00:16,310 --> 00:00:13,980 spacecraft Europa is the name of one of 6 00:00:18,529 --> 00:00:16,320 Jupiter's moons it's just a little 7 00:00:20,689 --> 00:00:18,539 smaller than Earth's moon but previous 8 00:00:23,330 --> 00:00:20,699 missions have shown strong evidence of 9 00:00:26,210 --> 00:00:23,340 an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy 10 00:00:28,790 --> 00:00:26,220 crust and the Europa Clipper is going to 11 00:00:31,370 --> 00:00:28,800 investigate so let's talk to some 12 00:00:34,190 --> 00:00:31,380 experts about the mission joining us 13 00:00:35,750 --> 00:00:34,200 today is Europa project staff scientist 14 00:00:38,389 --> 00:00:35,760 Cynthia Phillips 15 00:00:40,430 --> 00:00:38,399 and Europa Clipper project systems 16 00:00:43,250 --> 00:00:40,440 engineer Jennifer Dooley thanks for 17 00:00:45,410 --> 00:00:43,260 joining us they'll be talking to us for 18 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:45,420 the next half hour or so answering your 19 00:00:49,310 --> 00:00:47,100 questions so if you have a question 20 00:00:52,490 --> 00:00:49,320 you'd like to ask drop in the chat below 21 00:00:54,410 --> 00:00:52,500 and we'll get to as many as we can so to 22 00:00:56,750 --> 00:00:54,420 get us started Cynthia could you tell us 23 00:00:59,270 --> 00:00:56,760 more about Europa and why scientists 24 00:01:00,650 --> 00:00:59,280 want to investigate this area sure Colin 25 00:01:03,290 --> 00:01:00,660 and thanks so much and thanks to our 26 00:01:05,570 --> 00:01:03,300 audience for joining us today so as 27 00:01:07,789 --> 00:01:05,580 Raquel said Europa is a moon of Jupiter 28 00:01:09,609 --> 00:01:07,799 it's about the same size as Earth's moon 29 00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:09,619 but it looks completely different 30 00:01:13,910 --> 00:01:11,820 instead of having a surface that's 31 00:01:16,429 --> 00:01:13,920 covered with Rock and craters like our 32 00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:16,439 own Moon the surface of Europa instead 33 00:01:20,990 --> 00:01:19,200 is covered with ice has a thick layer of 34 00:01:23,450 --> 00:01:21,000 ice at the surface that's filled with 35 00:01:26,270 --> 00:01:23,460 cracks and ridges and scientists are 36 00:01:29,330 --> 00:01:26,280 pretty sure that under that ice layer is 37 00:01:31,190 --> 00:01:29,340 a global ocean layer of liquid water and 38 00:01:33,649 --> 00:01:31,200 this ocean could have more water than 39 00:01:35,450 --> 00:01:33,659 all of Earth's oceans combined and so 40 00:01:37,609 --> 00:01:35,460 because of that scientists think that 41 00:01:39,530 --> 00:01:37,619 Europa is one of the best places to look 42 00:01:42,109 --> 00:01:39,540 for life in our solar system beyond the 43 00:01:44,510 --> 00:01:42,119 Earth and the Europa Clipper spacecraft 44 00:01:47,270 --> 00:01:44,520 is going to take the first step in going 45 00:01:49,730 --> 00:01:47,280 to Europa to assess the habitability of 46 00:01:51,710 --> 00:01:49,740 Europa so Europa Clipper isn't going to 47 00:01:53,270 --> 00:01:51,720 look for Life directly what it's going 48 00:01:55,910 --> 00:01:53,280 to do is it's going to look for places 49 00:01:58,730 --> 00:01:55,920 below europa's surface that we think 50 00:02:01,069 --> 00:01:58,740 could support Life as We Know It 51 00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:01,079 yes it sounds like an exciting Mission 52 00:02:05,590 --> 00:02:03,840 and Jennifer can you tell us more about 53 00:02:09,109 --> 00:02:05,600 the spacecraft that we see behind us 54 00:02:11,809 --> 00:02:09,119 absolutely so right behind me you can 55 00:02:16,369 --> 00:02:11,819 see the propulsion module this is the 56 00:02:20,150 --> 00:02:16,379 main structure for the spacecraft and if 57 00:02:22,070 --> 00:02:20,160 you can see the the red covers those are 58 00:02:23,930 --> 00:02:22,080 protecting some of our propulsion 59 00:02:28,970 --> 00:02:23,940 components 60 00:02:30,250 --> 00:02:28,980 um we also have a vault which is a large 61 00:02:32,990 --> 00:02:30,260 container 62 00:02:35,030 --> 00:02:33,000 that provides shielding for some of the 63 00:02:36,949 --> 00:02:35,040 electronics and other sensitive 64 00:02:39,729 --> 00:02:36,959 components that help shield from the 65 00:02:43,550 --> 00:02:39,739 radiation environment and then 66 00:02:46,550 --> 00:02:43,560 we after we have assembled all of that 67 00:02:51,470 --> 00:02:46,560 that Vault goes on top of the propulsion 68 00:02:53,809 --> 00:02:51,480 module and as we continue with the 69 00:02:56,270 --> 00:02:53,819 Assembly of the spacecraft eventually 70 00:02:58,850 --> 00:02:56,280 will bring in the solar arrays and mount 71 00:03:01,009 --> 00:02:58,860 those to the propulsion module as well 72 00:03:02,869 --> 00:03:01,019 and so you can see you know if you saw 73 00:03:05,030 --> 00:03:02,879 the the image that was projected a 74 00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:05,040 little while ago the scale of that right 75 00:03:09,890 --> 00:03:07,680 this is a very large spacecraft 76 00:03:11,570 --> 00:03:09,900 you can really see it behind us and 77 00:03:13,910 --> 00:03:11,580 there is some action going on behind us 78 00:03:15,110 --> 00:03:13,920 can you let us know maybe what is going 79 00:03:18,589 --> 00:03:15,120 on right now 80 00:03:21,229 --> 00:03:18,599 well uh so right now we've got the crane 81 00:03:23,390 --> 00:03:21,239 that the team is using to uh start to 82 00:03:25,550 --> 00:03:23,400 move some components and and check out 83 00:03:27,890 --> 00:03:25,560 the lifting fixtures that we have and 84 00:03:32,149 --> 00:03:27,900 slings to ensure everything safe before 85 00:03:34,190 --> 00:03:32,159 we do any move of Hardware we also have 86 00:03:38,570 --> 00:03:34,200 um work going on which is a little bit 87 00:03:40,070 --> 00:03:38,580 less visible but over on the Vault we 88 00:03:42,050 --> 00:03:40,080 have 89 00:03:44,690 --> 00:03:42,060 um the uh some several of the 90 00:03:45,770 --> 00:03:44,700 instruments that have been installed and 91 00:03:47,330 --> 00:03:45,780 are starting to go through their 92 00:03:50,750 --> 00:03:47,340 functional testing and today we're 93 00:03:52,130 --> 00:03:50,760 testing the ultraviolet spectrograph and 94 00:03:55,670 --> 00:03:52,140 the tests that are going on today are 95 00:03:58,550 --> 00:03:55,680 going to be checks of the thermal uh 96 00:04:01,670 --> 00:03:58,560 functional so so heaters and temperature 97 00:04:04,789 --> 00:04:01,680 sensors they're going to be moving files 98 00:04:06,289 --> 00:04:04,799 to the instrument to ensure that if we 99 00:04:09,289 --> 00:04:06,299 need to we're able to update the 100 00:04:12,410 --> 00:04:09,299 software while we're in flight and then 101 00:04:13,850 --> 00:04:12,420 they've also rotated the Vault from 102 00:04:16,729 --> 00:04:13,860 where it was yesterday so that they'll 103 00:04:19,430 --> 00:04:16,739 be able to check the deployment of the 104 00:04:21,349 --> 00:04:19,440 cover and the door so that's all going 105 00:04:23,510 --> 00:04:21,359 on today 106 00:04:25,249 --> 00:04:23,520 that's happening right now and we're 107 00:04:27,350 --> 00:04:25,259 seeing it live right now and for 108 00:04:29,090 --> 00:04:27,360 everyone just joining we are in a space 109 00:04:30,710 --> 00:04:29,100 where the Europa Clipper spacecraft is 110 00:04:33,830 --> 00:04:30,720 being assembled ahead of its schedule 111 00:04:35,450 --> 00:04:33,840 2024 launch so over the next several 112 00:04:37,550 --> 00:04:35,460 months you can keep track of its 113 00:04:39,830 --> 00:04:37,560 progress with our live cam on our 114 00:04:41,810 --> 00:04:39,840 YouTube channel and let's actually take 115 00:04:44,030 --> 00:04:41,820 a look at that feed right now you can 116 00:04:47,270 --> 00:04:44,040 get a quick preview of it you know this 117 00:04:49,070 --> 00:04:47,280 feed runs Live 24 7. so be sure to 118 00:04:52,129 --> 00:04:49,080 bookmark it or save it so you can check 119 00:04:53,990 --> 00:04:52,139 it out whenever you have free time and I 120 00:04:56,270 --> 00:04:54,000 have another question for you Cynthia 121 00:04:58,010 --> 00:04:56,280 you know Europa we're about to get a 122 00:05:01,490 --> 00:04:58,020 close look at Europa with a different 123 00:05:04,070 --> 00:05:01,500 Mission soon correct that's right so the 124 00:05:05,930 --> 00:05:04,080 last time that we saw Europa was up 125 00:05:08,390 --> 00:05:05,940 close was with the Galileo spacecraft 126 00:05:11,270 --> 00:05:08,400 this spacecraft traveled to the Jupiter 127 00:05:13,730 --> 00:05:11,280 system in the late 1990s and it orbited 128 00:05:16,189 --> 00:05:13,740 Jupiter with multiple close flybys of 129 00:05:20,749 --> 00:05:16,199 Europa and the other large satellites 130 00:05:23,570 --> 00:05:20,759 from 1995 until about 2003 but since 131 00:05:25,370 --> 00:05:23,580 2003 we haven't had any close-up 132 00:05:27,890 --> 00:05:25,380 pictures that have been taken of Europa 133 00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:27,900 we've had a few distant pictures that 134 00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:30,300 were taken by other spacecraft as they 135 00:05:34,790 --> 00:05:32,639 passed by the Jupiter system on their 136 00:05:36,710 --> 00:05:34,800 way to the far reaches the outer solar 137 00:05:38,210 --> 00:05:36,720 system such as the Cassini spacecraft 138 00:05:41,029 --> 00:05:38,220 and then later on the New Horizon 139 00:05:43,490 --> 00:05:41,039 spacecraft but we're really excited 140 00:05:46,670 --> 00:05:43,500 because tomorrow morning our time here 141 00:05:48,710 --> 00:05:46,680 in California the Juno spacecraft which 142 00:05:50,810 --> 00:05:48,720 has been in orbit around Jupiter for the 143 00:05:54,230 --> 00:05:50,820 last couple years Juno is going to have 144 00:05:56,570 --> 00:05:54,240 its first close flyby of Europa and so 145 00:05:58,610 --> 00:05:56,580 we're really excited to get to see a few 146 00:06:00,770 --> 00:05:58,620 new pictures of Europa for the first 147 00:06:02,870 --> 00:06:00,780 time in almost 20 years 148 00:06:05,450 --> 00:06:02,880 that's fantastic I think two decades now 149 00:06:08,450 --> 00:06:05,460 will people at home and watching be able 150 00:06:11,810 --> 00:06:08,460 to see it so you won't be able to see 151 00:06:13,370 --> 00:06:11,820 the fly by yourself but the pictures and 152 00:06:15,350 --> 00:06:13,380 the other observations that will be 153 00:06:17,710 --> 00:06:15,360 taken by the spacecraft will be 154 00:06:20,270 --> 00:06:17,720 downloaded tomorrow so this is Thursday 155 00:06:22,189 --> 00:06:20,280 and we expect to see the first picture 156 00:06:23,990 --> 00:06:22,199 is released within the first day or two 157 00:06:25,790 --> 00:06:24,000 and then the scientists will take a 158 00:06:27,350 --> 00:06:25,800 little bit longer to process all of the 159 00:06:30,050 --> 00:06:27,360 information from some of the other 160 00:06:31,550 --> 00:06:30,060 instruments on the Juno spacecraft and 161 00:06:33,050 --> 00:06:31,560 so we should expect to see more results 162 00:06:35,749 --> 00:06:33,060 from that come out 163 00:06:37,610 --> 00:06:35,759 very cool and what about Jupiter like 164 00:06:40,129 --> 00:06:37,620 could you see it at home right now since 165 00:06:41,629 --> 00:06:40,139 it's so close that's right so this is a 166 00:06:43,909 --> 00:06:41,639 really exciting time actually because 167 00:06:47,090 --> 00:06:43,919 Jupiter is at what's called opposition 168 00:06:49,189 --> 00:06:47,100 and opposition is when the alignment of 169 00:06:51,230 --> 00:06:49,199 the planets is such that Jupiter is at 170 00:06:53,330 --> 00:06:51,240 about as close as it ever gets to the 171 00:06:55,490 --> 00:06:53,340 Earth and so this means that Jupiter 172 00:06:57,770 --> 00:06:55,500 will appear like a really really bright 173 00:06:59,469 --> 00:06:57,780 scar in the night sky and you can 174 00:07:01,730 --> 00:06:59,479 actually go out and see Jupiter yourself 175 00:07:03,770 --> 00:07:01,740 with just your eyeball if you look up 176 00:07:06,529 --> 00:07:03,780 you'll see this really bright star but 177 00:07:08,689 --> 00:07:06,539 with a cell phone with night mode or 178 00:07:11,330 --> 00:07:08,699 with a just a simple pair of binoculars 179 00:07:13,790 --> 00:07:11,340 if you look up you can actually see some 180 00:07:16,850 --> 00:07:13,800 of the moons of Jupiter so you could put 181 00:07:18,710 --> 00:07:16,860 your eyeballs on Europa tomorrow 182 00:07:20,629 --> 00:07:18,720 at about the same time that the Juno 183 00:07:22,309 --> 00:07:20,639 spacecraft is going to be flying past it 184 00:07:24,409 --> 00:07:22,319 in the Jupiter system and I just think 185 00:07:25,850 --> 00:07:24,419 that's so cool very much so I really 186 00:07:27,770 --> 00:07:25,860 want to get a pair of binoculars right 187 00:07:29,390 --> 00:07:27,780 now that you mentioned it so let's kind 188 00:07:33,110 --> 00:07:29,400 of bring it back to the room right now 189 00:07:34,430 --> 00:07:33,120 and Jennifer the Clipper the real book 190 00:07:36,170 --> 00:07:34,440 Clipper is behind us can you tell us 191 00:07:37,790 --> 00:07:36,180 about some of the spacecraft instruments 192 00:07:41,689 --> 00:07:37,800 that we can see right now in our view 193 00:07:43,330 --> 00:07:41,699 yeah absolutely so um we also we we 194 00:07:46,010 --> 00:07:43,340 mentioned uh the ultraviolet 195 00:07:48,830 --> 00:07:46,020 spectrograph earlier so that is an 196 00:07:51,950 --> 00:07:48,840 instrument that is going to take a 197 00:07:54,050 --> 00:07:51,960 spectrum in the ultraviolet range and 198 00:07:56,150 --> 00:07:54,060 that gives us a fingerprint essentially 199 00:07:59,210 --> 00:07:56,160 lets us look for things like oxygen or 200 00:08:00,770 --> 00:07:59,220 carbon dioxide or simple Organics so 201 00:08:02,689 --> 00:08:00,780 that's a really exciting instrument it's 202 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:02,699 also one of the instruments that we 203 00:08:08,930 --> 00:08:05,520 would if we were lucky enough to come 204 00:08:10,430 --> 00:08:08,940 across a plume we would want to 205 00:08:13,070 --> 00:08:10,440 interrogate it with that that would let 206 00:08:14,629 --> 00:08:13,080 us look at some of the material coming 207 00:08:16,550 --> 00:08:14,639 directly from the ocean which is of 208 00:08:18,650 --> 00:08:16,560 course the environment that we're very 209 00:08:21,770 --> 00:08:18,660 in interested in understanding its 210 00:08:23,689 --> 00:08:21,780 habitability other instruments on the 211 00:08:26,990 --> 00:08:23,699 spacecraft right now very close to where 212 00:08:28,790 --> 00:08:27,000 the UVS is include our thermal imager 213 00:08:30,650 --> 00:08:28,800 which is going to let us look very 214 00:08:32,630 --> 00:08:30,660 carefully for 215 00:08:36,310 --> 00:08:32,640 little temperature variations that might 216 00:08:39,409 --> 00:08:36,320 indicate thinner ice or younger material 217 00:08:42,769 --> 00:08:39,419 it will also let us interrogate the 218 00:08:46,370 --> 00:08:42,779 surface so the the you know is it hard 219 00:08:49,250 --> 00:08:46,380 packed solid ice is it more fluffy 220 00:08:51,850 --> 00:08:49,260 grainy type of material and that's a 221 00:08:54,889 --> 00:08:51,860 sort of an interesting 222 00:08:57,410 --> 00:08:54,899 feature of it and and could feed into 223 00:08:59,750 --> 00:08:57,420 decisions for later about where you 224 00:09:01,850 --> 00:08:59,760 might want to go to to do our next kinds 225 00:09:03,949 --> 00:09:01,860 of missions that go to Europa and then 226 00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:03,959 another one is the wide angle camera and 227 00:09:07,610 --> 00:09:05,760 that's going to be just a Workhorse 228 00:09:10,190 --> 00:09:07,620 right we want to map and get color 229 00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:10,200 images of as much of Europa as we can 230 00:09:15,110 --> 00:09:12,360 and that and that I think that together 231 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:15,120 with its narrow angle camera sibling is 232 00:09:18,710 --> 00:09:16,800 going to get us over 90 percent of the 233 00:09:20,870 --> 00:09:18,720 surface wow thanks for that breakdown 234 00:09:22,370 --> 00:09:20,880 now if you're tuning in we're about to 235 00:09:24,650 --> 00:09:22,380 get to your questions we'll answer as 236 00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:24,660 many as we can so please drop them in 237 00:09:28,910 --> 00:09:26,700 the chat below joining us right now is 238 00:09:30,590 --> 00:09:28,920 Europa project staff scientist Cynthia 239 00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:30,600 Phillips and Europa Clipper product 240 00:09:35,150 --> 00:09:33,120 project systems engineer Jennifer Dooley 241 00:09:37,610 --> 00:09:35,160 and I actually want to talk about your 242 00:09:40,730 --> 00:09:37,620 roles right now so Jennifer can you tell 243 00:09:43,009 --> 00:09:40,740 us more about what your role entails so 244 00:09:44,930 --> 00:09:43,019 my responsibility is ensuring the 245 00:09:46,550 --> 00:09:44,940 technical Integrity of the mission and 246 00:09:48,590 --> 00:09:46,560 that the mission accomplishes its 247 00:09:51,230 --> 00:09:48,600 essential function which is getting all 248 00:09:53,990 --> 00:09:51,240 of the great observations to pass to our 249 00:09:56,389 --> 00:09:54,000 science team and really a big part of 250 00:09:57,530 --> 00:09:56,399 that is you know we we can talk about 251 00:10:00,230 --> 00:09:57,540 the different instruments and the 252 00:10:01,850 --> 00:10:00,240 different subsystems and we design up 253 00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:01,860 front we give everybody their their 254 00:10:06,050 --> 00:10:04,260 marching orders what to make and then it 255 00:10:07,670 --> 00:10:06,060 comes in together and one of our jobs is 256 00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:07,680 to make sure that all of those pieces 257 00:10:12,650 --> 00:10:10,440 play well together and again we're able 258 00:10:14,449 --> 00:10:12,660 to accomplish the the ultimate function 259 00:10:17,210 --> 00:10:14,459 right that we haven't lost the the 260 00:10:19,310 --> 00:10:17,220 forest for the trees thanks Jennifer and 261 00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:19,320 now Cynthia can you tell us how you are 262 00:10:23,210 --> 00:10:21,600 part of this Mission as well sure so I 263 00:10:26,509 --> 00:10:23,220 work as part of the project science 264 00:10:28,850 --> 00:10:26,519 group and basically on Europa Clipper we 265 00:10:30,889 --> 00:10:28,860 have one project scientist who's kind of 266 00:10:32,570 --> 00:10:30,899 the one who's in charge of making sure 267 00:10:35,750 --> 00:10:32,580 that all of Europa Clippers complex 268 00:10:37,370 --> 00:10:35,760 instruments work together to accomplish 269 00:10:38,870 --> 00:10:37,380 all of the science goals that we have 270 00:10:40,670 --> 00:10:38,880 the goals and objectives for this 271 00:10:42,170 --> 00:10:40,680 Mission and as part of the project 272 00:10:44,389 --> 00:10:42,180 science group so we have our project 273 00:10:46,190 --> 00:10:44,399 scientist Bob papillardo and then we 274 00:10:47,990 --> 00:10:46,200 have the principal investigator of each 275 00:10:50,090 --> 00:10:48,000 of the instrument teams that we talked 276 00:10:51,470 --> 00:10:50,100 about and then there's over a hundred 277 00:10:53,449 --> 00:10:51,480 scientists who are part of those 278 00:10:54,949 --> 00:10:53,459 different instrument teams who work as 279 00:10:56,870 --> 00:10:54,959 part of the whole science team for this 280 00:10:59,030 --> 00:10:56,880 Mission and so as part of the the 281 00:11:00,410 --> 00:10:59,040 project science team I basically just 282 00:11:02,810 --> 00:11:00,420 helped to make sure that everything is 283 00:11:04,190 --> 00:11:02,820 coordinated between the the folks who 284 00:11:06,050 --> 00:11:04,200 are building our spacecraft the folks 285 00:11:07,490 --> 00:11:06,060 who are building our instruments and 286 00:11:09,110 --> 00:11:07,500 then the scientists who eventually are 287 00:11:11,870 --> 00:11:09,120 going to make the plans for how we use 288 00:11:13,310 --> 00:11:11,880 those instruments to observe Europa okay 289 00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:13,320 thank you thank you both for letting us 290 00:11:16,730 --> 00:11:15,120 know your rules and now it's time to get 291 00:11:19,850 --> 00:11:16,740 to viewer question I think that was 292 00:11:22,550 --> 00:11:19,860 really helpful so Colin on Twitter asks 293 00:11:24,530 --> 00:11:22,560 how will this upcoming Juno flyby help 294 00:11:27,590 --> 00:11:24,540 the Europa Clipper team 295 00:11:29,870 --> 00:11:27,600 that's a great question so when the Juno 296 00:11:32,090 --> 00:11:29,880 spacecraft goes by you know as I said we 297 00:11:34,610 --> 00:11:32,100 haven't seen europa's surface for almost 298 00:11:35,990 --> 00:11:34,620 20 years so you know we know Europe is 299 00:11:38,090 --> 00:11:36,000 still there right it hasn't gone 300 00:11:39,350 --> 00:11:38,100 anywhere but it's possible that 301 00:11:41,509 --> 00:11:39,360 something could look different on the 302 00:11:43,910 --> 00:11:41,519 surface and one of the things we've been 303 00:11:45,650 --> 00:11:43,920 really excited about that's happened in 304 00:11:47,810 --> 00:11:45,660 those 20 years since the Galileo 305 00:11:49,250 --> 00:11:47,820 spacecraft ended its mission is that we 306 00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:49,260 started seeing evidence that maybe 307 00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:52,500 there's plumes erupting from Europa we 308 00:11:55,790 --> 00:11:53,760 don't know for sure that they're there 309 00:11:58,130 --> 00:11:55,800 but we've seen some kind of tantalizing 310 00:12:00,590 --> 00:11:58,140 evidence both from re-analysis of some 311 00:12:02,690 --> 00:12:00,600 of our old spacecraft data but also from 312 00:12:03,949 --> 00:12:02,700 observations taken by earth-based 313 00:12:06,889 --> 00:12:03,959 observatories like the Hubble Space 314 00:12:08,509 --> 00:12:06,899 Telescope and so one of the things that 315 00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:08,519 Juno will be able to do is to see 316 00:12:12,590 --> 00:12:10,560 whether is there any evidence that 317 00:12:14,750 --> 00:12:12,600 something's changed on Europa is there 318 00:12:16,910 --> 00:12:14,760 something erupting from Europa or even 319 00:12:18,889 --> 00:12:16,920 is there a place on Europa that looks 320 00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:18,899 warmer than we would expect it to look 321 00:12:22,850 --> 00:12:21,120 and so we're going to be looking at the 322 00:12:25,610 --> 00:12:22,860 data from the Juno flyby really 323 00:12:27,829 --> 00:12:25,620 carefully to help us plan for what we 324 00:12:30,110 --> 00:12:27,839 might see with Europa Clipper be really 325 00:12:32,509 --> 00:12:30,120 excited to see those images coming very 326 00:12:35,449 --> 00:12:32,519 very soon so this is a question for 327 00:12:37,009 --> 00:12:35,459 Jennifer David on Twitter asks what does 328 00:12:39,590 --> 00:12:37,019 the future hold for the second 329 00:12:41,449 --> 00:12:39,600 spacecraft to the left of you on the 330 00:12:44,449 --> 00:12:41,459 clean room floor so he must have seen it 331 00:12:46,009 --> 00:12:44,459 when there was a wider view of right so 332 00:12:48,650 --> 00:12:46,019 I don't think you can see it now but 333 00:12:50,090 --> 00:12:48,660 what what you would see if you were 334 00:12:53,990 --> 00:12:50,100 standing where I am in the viewing 335 00:12:57,470 --> 00:12:54,000 Gallery uh behind me is essentially a 336 00:12:59,030 --> 00:12:57,480 clone of the propulsion module that we 337 00:13:01,069 --> 00:12:59,040 were kind of looking at earlier that has 338 00:13:02,750 --> 00:13:01,079 the the red shields you know at 339 00:13:04,850 --> 00:13:02,760 different places around minus those 340 00:13:08,449 --> 00:13:04,860 Shields and essentially the purpose of 341 00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:08,459 that is it's a test article so we we do 342 00:13:14,569 --> 00:13:10,860 a lot of testing on the 343 00:13:16,850 --> 00:13:14,579 uh the hardware that we actually send on 344 00:13:19,730 --> 00:13:16,860 our missions but we usually build other 345 00:13:21,110 --> 00:13:19,740 copies of them of various fidelities for 346 00:13:23,150 --> 00:13:21,120 different purposes and a lot of that's 347 00:13:26,449 --> 00:13:23,160 figuring out how to make sure it works 348 00:13:28,490 --> 00:13:26,459 figuring out that it can it works as 349 00:13:30,170 --> 00:13:28,500 it's designed to that has the the 350 00:13:32,090 --> 00:13:30,180 margins to make sure that it's going to 351 00:13:33,949 --> 00:13:32,100 be successful and not fail because once 352 00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:33,959 you launch it you can't get it back and 353 00:13:39,710 --> 00:13:37,680 so the one off to my um to my right is 354 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:39,720 actually designed for mechanical testing 355 00:13:43,990 --> 00:13:42,120 and they do that to make sure that our 356 00:13:48,170 --> 00:13:44,000 big structure 357 00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:48,180 you know can can handle all of the loads 358 00:13:53,329 --> 00:13:50,240 that it goes under through 359 00:13:54,110 --> 00:13:53,339 its test and through 360 00:13:56,810 --> 00:13:54,120 um 361 00:13:58,490 --> 00:13:56,820 uh the the launch and and the rest of 362 00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:58,500 its Mission so those are very important 363 00:14:01,550 --> 00:14:00,000 articles for us more critical Hardware 364 00:14:04,069 --> 00:14:01,560 even though it doesn't actually leave 365 00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:04,079 our planet it's very interesting to see 366 00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:06,480 the the Clone right next to it as well 367 00:14:12,530 --> 00:14:09,600 both in the clean room and next up we 368 00:14:15,230 --> 00:14:12,540 have Alex on Twitter who asks is Europa 369 00:14:16,850 --> 00:14:15,240 literally cool as in cold 370 00:14:19,250 --> 00:14:16,860 that's a great question and yeah the 371 00:14:21,410 --> 00:14:19,260 surface of Europa is not only cool it is 372 00:14:24,410 --> 00:14:21,420 freezing the surface temperature is 373 00:14:26,810 --> 00:14:24,420 about a hundred Kelvin so that is way 374 00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:26,820 below zero so while we know that the 375 00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:29,940 surface is covered with ice that ice is 376 00:14:34,670 --> 00:14:32,040 really really hard it's kind of hard as 377 00:14:36,290 --> 00:14:34,680 a rock so it'd be really hard to say go 378 00:14:38,810 --> 00:14:36,300 ice skating on the surface of Europa 379 00:14:40,970 --> 00:14:38,820 unfortunately well it's kind of nice to 380 00:14:44,629 --> 00:14:40,980 know that it's cool in both senses it's 381 00:14:47,329 --> 00:14:44,639 cool and cool so on fire 1543 on YouTube 382 00:14:49,850 --> 00:14:47,339 asks after it finishes its goals for 383 00:14:52,790 --> 00:14:49,860 Europa would it be able to explore other 384 00:14:53,629 --> 00:14:52,800 moons of Jupiter well that's a good 385 00:14:56,090 --> 00:14:53,639 question 386 00:14:57,769 --> 00:14:56,100 um we would love to be able to send the 387 00:15:00,650 --> 00:14:57,779 Europa Clipper spacecraft to visit other 388 00:15:02,990 --> 00:15:00,660 moons but its main goal is to 389 00:15:05,210 --> 00:15:03,000 investigate Europa so right now we're 390 00:15:07,129 --> 00:15:05,220 we're just really focused on the main 391 00:15:09,829 --> 00:15:07,139 mission of Europa Clipper where it's 392 00:15:12,650 --> 00:15:09,839 going to have about 50 close flybys of 393 00:15:14,509 --> 00:15:12,660 Europa but before it gets to that point 394 00:15:17,269 --> 00:15:14,519 when it first reaches the Jupiter system 395 00:15:19,490 --> 00:15:17,279 we have to go past some of the other 396 00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:19,500 moons to help tweak our orbit around to 397 00:15:24,230 --> 00:15:21,540 actually get to that orbit where we can 398 00:15:26,269 --> 00:15:24,240 fly close by Europa multiple times so we 399 00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:26,279 will have a couple flybys of Ganymede 400 00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:28,800 and Callisto and so you know I would 401 00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:30,240 very much like to turn on the cameras 402 00:15:33,230 --> 00:15:31,800 and do a little calibration at those 403 00:15:34,910 --> 00:15:33,240 moons but we'll see what we're able to 404 00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:34,920 do once we get there well that'd be nice 405 00:15:40,430 --> 00:15:38,220 to see uh we have Emma on LinkedIn who 406 00:15:42,290 --> 00:15:40,440 asks this is for you Jennifer what 407 00:15:44,269 --> 00:15:42,300 instrumentation or functionality of the 408 00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:44,279 Europa Clipper spacecraft are you most 409 00:15:49,329 --> 00:15:48,360 excited about oh that's a good one 410 00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:49,339 um 411 00:15:57,590 --> 00:15:55,279 choose from we love all of our children 412 00:16:00,650 --> 00:15:57,600 and really what's amazing about the 413 00:16:01,610 --> 00:16:00,660 payload is is how well it complements uh 414 00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:01,620 you know all of the different 415 00:16:05,210 --> 00:16:03,600 investigations so 416 00:16:06,350 --> 00:16:05,220 um one of the 417 00:16:11,030 --> 00:16:06,360 um 418 00:16:13,009 --> 00:16:11,040 is actually reason it's a radar it's an 419 00:16:14,090 --> 00:16:13,019 ice penetrating radar and that is going 420 00:16:15,769 --> 00:16:14,100 to 421 00:16:17,389 --> 00:16:15,779 um we we use that when we're very close 422 00:16:20,269 --> 00:16:17,399 to Europa and it's going to help us 423 00:16:23,689 --> 00:16:20,279 understand how thick the ice is whether 424 00:16:25,310 --> 00:16:23,699 or not their subsurface Lakes uh you 425 00:16:28,009 --> 00:16:25,320 know other things like that so that's a 426 00:16:30,949 --> 00:16:28,019 fantastic instrument we have a 427 00:16:32,750 --> 00:16:30,959 magnetometer your Clipper magnetometer 428 00:16:34,990 --> 00:16:32,760 and that really looks at the induced 429 00:16:38,090 --> 00:16:35,000 magnetic field and that's how we know 430 00:16:40,249 --> 00:16:38,100 magnetometry is how we collected the 431 00:16:43,550 --> 00:16:40,259 early evidence that there is an ocean 432 00:16:46,069 --> 00:16:43,560 and so coming back to to that kind of an 433 00:16:47,629 --> 00:16:46,079 instrument is really exciting as well 434 00:16:50,930 --> 00:16:47,639 and that would help us understand 435 00:16:52,610 --> 00:16:50,940 salinity and the the depth of the ocean 436 00:16:54,290 --> 00:16:52,620 I'm looking at Cynthia to make sure I've 437 00:16:58,069 --> 00:16:54,300 got this all right 438 00:16:59,449 --> 00:16:58,079 um and uh you know I know I know I'm 439 00:17:02,449 --> 00:16:59,459 adjacent 440 00:17:03,769 --> 00:17:02,459 um and but I have to admit so so that we 441 00:17:05,510 --> 00:17:03,779 have so many great investigations 442 00:17:07,429 --> 00:17:05,520 there's a mass spectrometer that's going 443 00:17:09,710 --> 00:17:07,439 to look for you know Organics right 444 00:17:13,370 --> 00:17:09,720 that's all that that really interesting 445 00:17:14,750 --> 00:17:13,380 stuff that leads to you know when you're 446 00:17:18,230 --> 00:17:14,760 looking for habitability you're looking 447 00:17:20,870 --> 00:17:18,240 for energy chemistry 448 00:17:23,030 --> 00:17:20,880 and that helps us get to instability 449 00:17:28,010 --> 00:17:23,040 right and so this this these all get to 450 00:17:30,590 --> 00:17:28,020 those but the pictures from the Europa 451 00:17:33,110 --> 00:17:30,600 Imaging system they're going to be 452 00:17:35,690 --> 00:17:33,120 amazing and I you know I I expect that 453 00:17:37,310 --> 00:17:35,700 we're all gonna wallpaper our houses you 454 00:17:39,230 --> 00:17:37,320 know with with images of Europa it's 455 00:17:44,409 --> 00:17:39,240 going to be fantastic that's that's a 456 00:17:50,330 --> 00:17:47,690 and uh speaking of Ezra on YouTube asks 457 00:17:52,669 --> 00:17:50,340 what sensors slash cameras will be used 458 00:17:54,110 --> 00:17:52,679 on Europa clipper 459 00:17:55,370 --> 00:17:54,120 Jeffrey would you like to take that what 460 00:17:57,289 --> 00:17:55,380 cameras 461 00:17:59,810 --> 00:17:57,299 um so I let's see I think we're we're 462 00:18:02,570 --> 00:17:59,820 the the 463 00:18:05,810 --> 00:18:02,580 narrow angle and wide angle cameras from 464 00:18:07,250 --> 00:18:05,820 Ice they use CMOS detectors which is the 465 00:18:09,830 --> 00:18:07,260 same kind of technology that I think you 466 00:18:11,270 --> 00:18:09,840 have in your cell phone camera and so um 467 00:18:13,850 --> 00:18:11,280 you know it just goes to show those are 468 00:18:16,190 --> 00:18:13,860 going everywhere right 469 00:18:18,529 --> 00:18:16,200 um yeah so those are one one is a 470 00:18:20,090 --> 00:18:18,539 refracting telescope where the the light 471 00:18:21,950 --> 00:18:20,100 goes in and gets focused and another one 472 00:18:25,310 --> 00:18:21,960 is reflecting and one of them has a 473 00:18:28,010 --> 00:18:25,320 gimbal so you can move it around and um 474 00:18:29,330 --> 00:18:28,020 uh you know track different specific 475 00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:29,340 areas where you want to get high 476 00:18:38,090 --> 00:18:34,380 resolution and also lets us do a stereo 477 00:18:40,010 --> 00:18:38,100 so you can get some some 3D view of what 478 00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:40,020 the the surface looks like again that's 479 00:18:43,250 --> 00:18:41,640 going to be very interesting for 480 00:18:44,150 --> 00:18:43,260 reconnaissance and for understanding the 481 00:18:47,090 --> 00:18:44,160 geology 482 00:18:50,210 --> 00:18:47,100 lots of angles with those cameras and 483 00:18:53,210 --> 00:18:50,220 let's see we have Richard on LinkedIn 484 00:18:54,830 --> 00:18:53,220 who asks how are you planning the launch 485 00:18:56,750 --> 00:18:54,840 like when are you planning to launch and 486 00:18:58,970 --> 00:18:56,760 how long do you think the flight will be 487 00:19:01,270 --> 00:18:58,980 Ah that's a good question so right now 488 00:19:03,470 --> 00:19:01,280 our planned launch date is in October of 489 00:19:05,930 --> 00:19:03,480 2024. so you don't have to make your 490 00:19:07,909 --> 00:19:05,940 travel plans quite yet but you know I 491 00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:07,919 know where I'm going to be in October of 492 00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:11,280 24 which is in Florida at Cape Kennedy 493 00:19:15,890 --> 00:19:13,440 watching this thing go 494 00:19:17,690 --> 00:19:15,900 um I can't wait and then it takes a long 495 00:19:20,210 --> 00:19:17,700 time to get to Jupiter we're actually 496 00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:20,220 going to swing past Mars first so we'll 497 00:19:24,289 --> 00:19:22,320 go launch from the earth we'll go by 498 00:19:26,450 --> 00:19:24,299 Mars and we'll do a Mars gravity assist 499 00:19:28,730 --> 00:19:26,460 so we'll steal a little bit of energy 500 00:19:31,190 --> 00:19:28,740 from Mars basically the momentum we'll 501 00:19:33,110 --> 00:19:31,200 go past the Earth again and then we'll 502 00:19:35,210 --> 00:19:33,120 finally have enough energy built up to 503 00:19:37,250 --> 00:19:35,220 swing all the way out to the outer solar 504 00:19:39,650 --> 00:19:37,260 system to get to Jupiter so it'll take 505 00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:39,660 about six years before we get to Jupiter 506 00:19:45,169 --> 00:19:42,960 so 2030 is about when we arrive in the 507 00:19:49,250 --> 00:19:45,179 Jupiter system start planning out for 20 508 00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:49,260 30. now too and Evelyn on YouTube asks 509 00:19:53,450 --> 00:19:51,120 if there are habitable conditions 510 00:19:55,370 --> 00:19:53,460 underneath the surface what will be the 511 00:19:57,650 --> 00:19:55,380 next step what instruments will 512 00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:57,660 determine habitable conditions and how 513 00:20:01,130 --> 00:19:58,799 does it work 514 00:20:03,230 --> 00:20:01,140 so Europa Clipper is an amazing 515 00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:03,240 spacecraft and it's going to study 516 00:20:09,169 --> 00:20:06,960 Europa from space so Europa Clipper 517 00:20:11,690 --> 00:20:09,179 isn't going to actually land on Europa 518 00:20:13,610 --> 00:20:11,700 or touch the surface it will be able 519 00:20:15,529 --> 00:20:13,620 though to measure some of the material 520 00:20:18,169 --> 00:20:15,539 that's thrown off of here at the surface 521 00:20:20,090 --> 00:20:18,179 through very small meteorite impacts and 522 00:20:22,070 --> 00:20:20,100 through charged particle impacts this 523 00:20:24,289 --> 00:20:22,080 material in the form of dust and gas 524 00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:24,299 gets thrown into space and it'll 525 00:20:28,669 --> 00:20:26,760 actually be sampled directly by two of 526 00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:28,679 the instruments on Europa Clipper that 527 00:20:32,450 --> 00:20:30,240 Jennifer already mentioned the suda 528 00:20:34,970 --> 00:20:32,460 instrument is a dust analyzer and then 529 00:20:37,549 --> 00:20:34,980 the mass specs instrument is a is a gas 530 00:20:38,990 --> 00:20:37,559 analyzer so those two instruments will 531 00:20:41,570 --> 00:20:39,000 be able to kind of give us our first 532 00:20:43,250 --> 00:20:41,580 taste of europa's composition but if we 533 00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:43,260 really want to study whether or not 534 00:20:47,090 --> 00:20:45,120 there's life on Europa we're going to 535 00:20:48,950 --> 00:20:47,100 have to touch the surface and so I'm 536 00:20:50,690 --> 00:20:48,960 hoping that in the future especially 537 00:20:52,370 --> 00:20:50,700 once we see all those amazing pictures 538 00:20:54,470 --> 00:20:52,380 and the other information that we get 539 00:20:55,970 --> 00:20:54,480 from Europa Clipper that we'll be able 540 00:20:58,549 --> 00:20:55,980 to have a new mission that will actually 541 00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,559 land on the surface of Europa scoop up 542 00:21:03,350 --> 00:21:01,200 some that surface material and study it 543 00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:03,360 on board the spacecraft to look for 544 00:21:07,370 --> 00:21:05,280 signs of biosignatures so maybe 545 00:21:09,950 --> 00:21:07,380 compounds or other evidence that might 546 00:21:12,590 --> 00:21:09,960 suggest that maybe there is life there 547 00:21:14,750 --> 00:21:12,600 so that's often the future Europa 548 00:21:16,549 --> 00:21:14,760 Clipper is kind of the first step in a 549 00:21:18,710 --> 00:21:16,559 journey that hopefully will bring us to 550 00:21:21,169 --> 00:21:18,720 understanding really the role of life in 551 00:21:23,450 --> 00:21:21,179 the solar system I can't wait and 552 00:21:26,230 --> 00:21:23,460 actually I actually met Cynthia working 553 00:21:30,409 --> 00:21:26,240 on that concept yeah 554 00:21:32,029 --> 00:21:30,419 so you two go back yeah yeah that's very 555 00:21:33,710 --> 00:21:32,039 exciting and we actually had a really 556 00:21:35,510 --> 00:21:33,720 good follow-up question from Victoria on 557 00:21:37,549 --> 00:21:35,520 LinkedIn who wants to know are we 558 00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:37,559 looking for specific elements molecules 559 00:21:43,370 --> 00:21:39,900 or temperatures ah yeah that's a really 560 00:21:45,470 --> 00:21:43,380 good question so when we're looking for 561 00:21:47,149 --> 00:21:45,480 materials with Europa Clipper we're 562 00:21:50,090 --> 00:21:47,159 going to be looking for kind of simple 563 00:21:52,669 --> 00:21:50,100 materials so we know that there is 564 00:21:55,669 --> 00:21:52,679 there's things like the basic compounds 565 00:21:58,010 --> 00:21:55,679 like carbon oxygen nitrogen hydrogen 566 00:22:00,289 --> 00:21:58,020 phosphorus so sulfur so some of these 567 00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:00,299 materials we've already detected on 568 00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:02,400 europa's Surface using both the 569 00:22:06,110 --> 00:22:04,200 instruments on the Galileo spacecraft as 570 00:22:07,970 --> 00:22:06,120 well as ground-based telescopes that can 571 00:22:11,149 --> 00:22:07,980 actually analyze the composition of 572 00:22:13,850 --> 00:22:11,159 europa's surface and so Europa Clipper 573 00:22:16,010 --> 00:22:13,860 using those direct instruments that I 574 00:22:17,810 --> 00:22:16,020 just talked about suda and mass specs 575 00:22:20,510 --> 00:22:17,820 it'll be able to look for even more 576 00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:20,520 complicated materials so you know maybe 577 00:22:25,190 --> 00:22:22,799 some more complex carbon compounds maybe 578 00:22:27,890 --> 00:22:25,200 some sulfur compounds that are thrown 579 00:22:30,590 --> 00:22:27,900 off the surface and then are detected 580 00:22:32,210 --> 00:22:30,600 directly by these instruments and so 581 00:22:34,130 --> 00:22:32,220 while you know we're not expecting to 582 00:22:35,990 --> 00:22:34,140 get smacked in the face with a fish that 583 00:22:37,850 --> 00:22:36,000 gets thrown off of Europe but we do 584 00:22:39,890 --> 00:22:37,860 think that we can find some really great 585 00:22:41,930 --> 00:22:39,900 information about the details of the 586 00:22:44,390 --> 00:22:41,940 chemistry that's going on either at the 587 00:22:46,730 --> 00:22:44,400 surface of Europa or if there turn out 588 00:22:48,230 --> 00:22:46,740 to be plumes on Europa Europa Clipper 589 00:22:50,149 --> 00:22:48,240 will actually be able to fly through 590 00:22:52,190 --> 00:22:50,159 those plumes and if that's the case 591 00:22:55,250 --> 00:22:52,200 it'll be able to get a much fresher 592 00:22:57,830 --> 00:22:55,260 bigger sample of material that comes 593 00:22:59,570 --> 00:22:57,840 from the subsurface maybe from an 594 00:23:02,029 --> 00:22:59,580 inclusion of liquid wood that's within 595 00:23:04,190 --> 00:23:02,039 the ice shell maybe even from the ocean 596 00:23:07,010 --> 00:23:04,200 depending on how kind of the plumbing 597 00:23:09,289 --> 00:23:07,020 Works inside of Europa so that would be 598 00:23:12,230 --> 00:23:09,299 really fascinating you mentioned oceans 599 00:23:14,149 --> 00:23:12,240 a nasty Nancy on LinkedIn is asking why 600 00:23:15,169 --> 00:23:14,159 do we think there are oceans below the 601 00:23:18,669 --> 00:23:15,179 ice 602 00:23:21,529 --> 00:23:18,679 so this is a great detective story 603 00:23:23,570 --> 00:23:21,539 basically with the Galileo Mission we 604 00:23:25,549 --> 00:23:23,580 knew even before Galileo got there the 605 00:23:27,409 --> 00:23:25,559 Europa surface looked different we knew 606 00:23:29,990 --> 00:23:27,419 it was really bright we knew it was 607 00:23:32,270 --> 00:23:30,000 covered with ice we could tell even from 608 00:23:34,909 --> 00:23:32,280 earth-based telescopes that europa's 609 00:23:37,430 --> 00:23:34,919 surface had a compositional signature a 610 00:23:40,010 --> 00:23:37,440 spectral signature that that tells us 611 00:23:41,450 --> 00:23:40,020 that there was ice at the surface so 612 00:23:44,690 --> 00:23:41,460 there's a big difference though between 613 00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:44,700 solid ice Frozen and then liquid water 614 00:23:50,330 --> 00:23:47,760 and so the Galileo spacecraft got to the 615 00:23:52,789 --> 00:23:50,340 Jupiter system in the 1990s it took all 616 00:23:54,950 --> 00:23:52,799 these pictures that showed places on the 617 00:23:56,930 --> 00:23:54,960 surface where the ice was cracked it was 618 00:23:58,570 --> 00:23:56,940 broken there's even features look kind 619 00:24:01,909 --> 00:23:58,580 of like icebergs 620 00:24:04,549 --> 00:24:01,919 but no direct detections of liquid water 621 00:24:07,330 --> 00:24:04,559 and so we used all of the different 622 00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:07,340 instruments on the Galileo spacecraft 623 00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:10,080 to basically provide multiple lines of 624 00:24:13,730 --> 00:24:11,760 what we call indirect evidence there are 625 00:24:15,710 --> 00:24:13,740 sort of clues that said okay maybe 626 00:24:18,110 --> 00:24:15,720 there's water maybe this could lead to 627 00:24:20,090 --> 00:24:18,120 water we had gravity measurements that 628 00:24:22,250 --> 00:24:20,100 said there's a layer that's a hundred 629 00:24:25,610 --> 00:24:22,260 kilometers thick at the surface that has 630 00:24:26,990 --> 00:24:25,620 the density of ice or water but the 631 00:24:28,669 --> 00:24:27,000 problem is that those measurements were 632 00:24:30,409 --> 00:24:28,679 good enough to distinguish between the 633 00:24:32,330 --> 00:24:30,419 two so we didn't know whether it was ice 634 00:24:34,310 --> 00:24:32,340 all the way down or whether it was a 635 00:24:36,049 --> 00:24:34,320 thin ice layer and then a water layer or 636 00:24:38,090 --> 00:24:36,059 a thick ice layer and then a small water 637 00:24:39,890 --> 00:24:38,100 layer and it turned out actually to be 638 00:24:42,649 --> 00:24:39,900 the magnetic field results as Jennifer 639 00:24:45,169 --> 00:24:42,659 mentioned that were kind of the best 640 00:24:46,789 --> 00:24:45,179 evidence and this you know kind of kills 641 00:24:48,590 --> 00:24:46,799 me as a geologist that I want to look at 642 00:24:50,210 --> 00:24:48,600 my pictures but you know here were these 643 00:24:52,669 --> 00:24:50,220 little Wiggly lines from the magnetic 644 00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:52,679 field measurements that showed what was 645 00:24:57,409 --> 00:24:55,200 really just a beautiful elegant solution 646 00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:57,419 we detected what's called an induced 647 00:25:02,510 --> 00:25:00,240 magnetic field at Europa and that 648 00:25:05,270 --> 00:25:02,520 basically was a signal that could only 649 00:25:08,270 --> 00:25:05,280 come from a global conducting layer 650 00:25:10,190 --> 00:25:08,280 beneath Europa surface and it turns out 651 00:25:13,190 --> 00:25:10,200 if you run the numbers that salt water 652 00:25:14,810 --> 00:25:13,200 so a salty water ocean with you know 653 00:25:16,669 --> 00:25:14,820 kind of a salinity a salt level that's 654 00:25:19,909 --> 00:25:16,679 pretty pretty similar to Earth's oceans 655 00:25:22,190 --> 00:25:19,919 actually that this salt water layer if 656 00:25:24,830 --> 00:25:22,200 it was Global and if it was consistent 657 00:25:27,649 --> 00:25:24,840 with that hundred kilometers of ice and 658 00:25:29,870 --> 00:25:27,659 water a pretty a pretty big chunk of 659 00:25:32,930 --> 00:25:29,880 that had to be liquid so that was really 660 00:25:34,690 --> 00:25:32,940 the best explanation that we had for the 661 00:25:37,310 --> 00:25:34,700 signals we saw from the magnetic field 662 00:25:39,830 --> 00:25:37,320 and that's why we think there's an ocean 663 00:25:41,810 --> 00:25:39,840 and so Europa Clipper 20 years later 664 00:25:43,610 --> 00:25:41,820 it's going to go back over 30 years 665 00:25:45,409 --> 00:25:43,620 later almost by the time it gets there 666 00:25:47,149 --> 00:25:45,419 it's going to go back and it's going to 667 00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:47,159 confirm that there's an ocean there we 668 00:25:52,730 --> 00:25:50,640 hope and we were hoping that the reason 669 00:25:54,830 --> 00:25:52,740 radar instrument that Jennifer mentioned 670 00:25:57,289 --> 00:25:54,840 will be able to actually see through 671 00:25:59,990 --> 00:25:57,299 that ice layer and it'll be able to look 672 00:26:02,630 --> 00:26:00,000 for maybe Pockets or lakes of liquid 673 00:26:04,370 --> 00:26:02,640 within the ice shell and maybe it'll 674 00:26:07,010 --> 00:26:04,380 even be able to tell us how thick that 675 00:26:10,190 --> 00:26:07,020 ice layer is and where the ocean starts 676 00:26:11,510 --> 00:26:10,200 so we're excited it's so interesting to 677 00:26:13,430 --> 00:26:11,520 hear how some of these instruments will 678 00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:13,440 help answer some of your questions that 679 00:26:18,830 --> 00:26:16,919 you have too now Tamisha on YouTube asks 680 00:26:20,930 --> 00:26:18,840 what will happen when the mission ends 681 00:26:22,549 --> 00:26:20,940 will it be deorbited into Jupiter to 682 00:26:25,730 --> 00:26:22,559 protect other moons from contamination 683 00:26:26,750 --> 00:26:25,740 or will it be deorbited into somewhere 684 00:26:28,190 --> 00:26:26,760 else 685 00:26:32,210 --> 00:26:28,200 great question 686 00:26:35,450 --> 00:26:32,220 um we we do deorbit and and as 687 00:26:39,590 --> 00:26:35,460 um the uh 688 00:26:40,810 --> 00:26:39,600 Oscar mentioned the name slips to Mish 689 00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:40,820 to Mish 690 00:26:45,289 --> 00:26:43,620 mentions it's it's to protect 691 00:26:47,570 --> 00:26:45,299 um the the environments right you don't 692 00:26:48,470 --> 00:26:47,580 want to go and introduce a whole bunch 693 00:26:51,769 --> 00:26:48,480 of 694 00:26:54,470 --> 00:26:51,779 um uh microbes or things like that from 695 00:26:56,090 --> 00:26:54,480 Earth right because that would interfere 696 00:26:57,769 --> 00:26:56,100 with our signal and our experiments in 697 00:26:59,950 --> 00:26:57,779 the future and that's not considered 698 00:27:03,110 --> 00:26:59,960 good form in the science community 699 00:27:06,169 --> 00:27:03,120 and our original plan was to de-orbit 700 00:27:09,110 --> 00:27:06,179 into Jupiter but recently I think over 701 00:27:10,850 --> 00:27:09,120 the past year maybe in a bit we worked 702 00:27:14,230 --> 00:27:10,860 with headquarters and the planetary 703 00:27:18,350 --> 00:27:14,240 Protection Officer and and Community to 704 00:27:20,330 --> 00:27:18,360 change that from deorbiting into Jupiter 705 00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:20,340 to going into Ganymede and the reason we 706 00:27:24,669 --> 00:27:23,279 wanted to do that is because we're able 707 00:27:28,549 --> 00:27:24,679 to 708 00:27:30,710 --> 00:27:28,559 uh uh essentially get there much uh with 709 00:27:33,289 --> 00:27:30,720 much less work it actually takes more 710 00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:33,299 effort more time to go from the orbit 711 00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:36,120 where we're flying by Europa to actually 712 00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:38,340 impacting into Jupiter and it's it's 713 00:27:43,549 --> 00:27:41,820 much less of an adjustment to uh go to 714 00:27:45,409 --> 00:27:43,559 one of the other moons and what that 715 00:27:49,190 --> 00:27:45,419 lets us do is maximize the amount of 716 00:27:52,070 --> 00:27:49,200 time for science because we need to make 717 00:27:55,190 --> 00:27:52,080 sure that we're able to accomplish that 718 00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:55,200 end of mission and and know that 719 00:27:59,570 --> 00:27:57,840 everything on the uh on the spacecraft 720 00:28:01,130 --> 00:27:59,580 is working properly and we have very 721 00:28:02,330 --> 00:28:01,140 high confidence again as a protection 722 00:28:05,029 --> 00:28:02,340 for the environments that we're 723 00:28:06,950 --> 00:28:05,039 interested in studying okay and I have 724 00:28:09,169 --> 00:28:06,960 one last question it's from Tara on 725 00:28:11,330 --> 00:28:09,179 Twitter who asks Jennifer and Cynthia 726 00:28:13,970 --> 00:28:11,340 how does it feel to be such amazing 727 00:28:16,909 --> 00:28:13,980 champions of women on stem your 728 00:28:20,149 --> 00:28:16,919 incredible Role Models well thank you 729 00:28:21,710 --> 00:28:20,159 that's really sweet yeah it really does 730 00:28:23,930 --> 00:28:21,720 and and one of the cool things about 731 00:28:25,970 --> 00:28:23,940 working somewhere like JPL is that we're 732 00:28:27,649 --> 00:28:25,980 not alone there are so many amazing 733 00:28:29,630 --> 00:28:27,659 women who work here who work on the 734 00:28:31,669 --> 00:28:29,640 Europa Clipper mission on all the other 735 00:28:33,549 --> 00:28:31,679 missions all the way up to our Lori 736 00:28:36,230 --> 00:28:33,559 lesson who's our new JPL lab director 737 00:28:38,029 --> 00:28:36,240 there's amazing women who work here and 738 00:28:39,769 --> 00:28:38,039 it's just it's fantastic to get to work 739 00:28:41,630 --> 00:28:39,779 with people like Jennifer and all the 740 00:28:44,029 --> 00:28:41,640 rest of them too it and it's really been 741 00:28:46,130 --> 00:28:44,039 an evolution and a pleasure when I first 742 00:28:48,830 --> 00:28:46,140 came to JPL I won't say how long ago but 743 00:28:52,010 --> 00:28:48,840 it was a really long time ago I was 744 00:28:55,250 --> 00:28:52,020 almost always the only woman in the room 745 00:28:56,990 --> 00:28:55,260 right and over the years you know you 746 00:29:00,590 --> 00:28:57,000 look around and all of a sudden you know 747 00:29:03,710 --> 00:29:00,600 many of of the the folks in key roles 748 00:29:06,289 --> 00:29:03,720 are mission assurance manager is a is a 749 00:29:08,570 --> 00:29:06,299 women are you know our director for 750 00:29:10,010 --> 00:29:08,580 right so people up the chain we we just 751 00:29:12,409 --> 00:29:10,020 had a project manager that was a woman 752 00:29:15,289 --> 00:29:12,419 so our flight system and chairs so 753 00:29:17,330 --> 00:29:15,299 they're you know we just we have such 754 00:29:19,430 --> 00:29:17,340 great representation now and and I think 755 00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:19,440 in particular on Clipper 756 00:29:23,990 --> 00:29:22,140 um so it's been it's it it's been really 757 00:29:24,710 --> 00:29:24,000 a great 758 00:29:26,810 --> 00:29:24,720 um 759 00:29:29,389 --> 00:29:26,820 I guess 760 00:29:31,610 --> 00:29:29,399 um progress you know that we that we've 761 00:29:33,049 --> 00:29:31,620 really enjoyed watching it's really 762 00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:33,059 exciting to hear even the story how 763 00:29:38,090 --> 00:29:34,740 YouTube met was very cool to find out 764 00:29:40,130 --> 00:29:38,100 today well that is unfortunately all the 765 00:29:42,289 --> 00:29:40,140 time we have for questions today now 766 00:29:45,529 --> 00:29:42,299 Europa Clipper is on track for a launch 767 00:29:48,470 --> 00:29:45,539 in 2024 so to learn more about the 768 00:29:51,289 --> 00:29:48,480 mission visit europa.nasa.gov 769 00:29:53,389 --> 00:29:51,299 and be sure to check out the 24 7 live 770 00:29:55,730 --> 00:29:53,399 cam they'll be running the next several 771 00:29:57,830 --> 00:29:55,740 months on the NASA JPL YouTube channel 772 00:30:00,529 --> 00:29:57,840 and we'll keep answering your questions 773 00:30:03,649 --> 00:30:00,539 there with a moderated chat every 774 00:30:06,529 --> 00:30:03,659 Tuesday at 10 A.M Pacific time you can 775 00:30:09,169 --> 00:30:06,539 also follow JPL on social media to see 776 00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:09,179 the Juno spacecraft images of Europa 777 00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:10,860 later this week which will be very 778 00:30:15,470 --> 00:30:13,200 exciting for us all yeah and thank you 779 00:30:17,330 --> 00:30:15,480 to our guests and thank you so much for